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Updated: May 4, 2022

12 principles of animation:

The 12 principles of animation were introduced by Disney animators, Ollie Johnston & Frank Thomas. The principles are based on the work of Disney animators from the 1930's onwards & are the basic concepts needed to produce more realistic animations.


- Squash & stretch

- Anticipation

- Staging

- Straight ahead & pose-to-pose

- Follow through & overlapping action

- Slow in / slow out

- Arc

- Secondary action

- Timing

- Exaggeration

- Solid drawing

- Appeal



10 minute studies using different principles:

Straight ahead:














Follow through, overlapping & anticipation:


















Squash & stretch:















Storyboard illustrations:

6 frame storyboard illustrations from the opening of Paris, Texas (1984) by Wim Wenders



Perspective drawing:

Using 1-point & 2-point perspective grids to draw accurate & detailed illustrations


Human Figures & emotions - perspective:





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